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Gordon family history can be traced with certainty back to the East
Jersey Colony in the late 1600's. Beyond that, the link back to
Scotland has not been proven yet, but we are fairly certain that
our Scottish ancestor came from the branch of the family known as
the Gordons of Pitlurg, from the area near Aberdeen. This
story then tells the approximate descent of that branch from the
earliest known Gordon in the British Isles down to Robert Gordon,
laird of Pitlurg.
There are many interesting tales to tell of our ancestors in the
country where our family name originated. Scotland has a long and
fairly bloody history, especially in her relations with England,
and many of our early ancestors were deeply involved in these conflicts.
There was also a lot of internal strife -- as one Englishman put
it, "rarely do the Scots allow their kings to die peacefully
in their beds."
Norman Origins
Most of this earliest history of the family has been taken from
the book History of the House of Gordon, VXIII Vols. by Edward
Gordon of Cairnfield, published in the late 1800's. Its accuracy
is not known for certain, but the story is certainly plausible.
Although some say that the family name came from that of the parish
in Berwickshire where some early Gordons held land, it is also held
that it was the other way around: the parish took its name from
the family. The name Gourdon (with various other spellings) was
known in France at least as far back as the time of Charlemagne,
when there was a John, Duke de Gordoun, who was created High Constable
in 790.
According to this history, the first Gordon in the British Isles
was Adam de Gordon
who came over from Normandy and assisted Scottish King Malcolm Canmore
in his overthrow of the usurper Macbeth in 1057. Note that this
was actually before the Norman invasion of 1066. It was at this
time that Adam was given the historical family lands in Berwickshire
that they held for the next three centuries. Later, in 1093, Malcolm
invaded England and was defeated and killed near Alnwick; Adam also
perished in this battle, but fortunately left at least one son,
also named Adam.
Early Scottish Generations
The second Adam Gordon
(an oft-repeated name for several generations) died in the Battle
of the Standard in 1138, leaving behind two sons: Adam and Richard.
Richard's children for the next three generations were Thomas, Thomas,
and Alicia. A bit more is known about Adam's descendants. He had
a son Alexander, who had two sons William and Adam. The sons both
attended the 8th Crusade in about 1270, during which William died
near Tunis.
Adam died soon after this, but left his own son Adam, who was married
to his 3rd cousin Alicia Gordon, mentioned just above. This Adam
Gordon also participated in a Crusade, joining Louis IX
of France. However, he died some time before reaching Palestine.
His son was yet another Adam
Gordon, who had been born in about 1255.
It was in this Adam's time that the conflicts between Scotland
and King Edward I of England, self-proclaimed "Hammer of the
Scots," began. The Gordon lands, being in the Berwickshire
border area, were plundered during one of Edward's early invasions
of Scotland. A family legend has it that Adam fought in single combat
with Edward "Longshanks" Plantagenet and that the battle
ended in a draw. In any case, the early conflict culminated in the
Battle of Dunbar on April 28, 1296, during which Adam was
killed. This now brings us to the next Adam Gordon, who was
the first of the Gordons to be verifiably recorded in Scottish history.
Adam Gordon
It is said that this Adam
Gordon (abt. 1280 - 1333), son of the previous Adam Gordon,
was the ancestor of all living people who share the Gordon name.
The genealogy of the previous generations is a bit speculative,
but from this Adam on down we can trace our lineage fairly accurately.
Adam was born about 1280 and was the head of the Gordon clan through
the late 13th and early 14th centuries. He was a contemporary of
William Wallace (of "Braveheart" fame) and of Robert "The
Bruce" (King Robert I of Scotland). This was a time of great
upheaval, and the conflicts with England that started at this time
continued sporadically for the next 400 years.
Like many other families of Norman origin in Scotland, Adam Gordon
owned lands in both England and Scotland. Under the feudal system,
these lands were "owned" only in the sense that the king
(who was the actual owner of all lands) granted them to the particular
barons. In other words, the king could rescind the use of the lands
almost at a whim.
When Edward I claimed the right to rule Scotland, due mainly a
dispute over the succession to the Scottish throne, William Wallace
and later Robert Bruce began leading an organized resistance to
the English presence. The Scottish nobles, however, were split in
their loyalties as many did not want to lose their English estates.
Adam Gordon remained loyal to Edward I in the early years of the
conflict. He was apparently able to maintain good relations with
both sides, as his name is mentioned in the history books as acting
occasionally as an envoy between Edward and Bruce.
Eventually, as the conflict evolved into an all-out war, Adam sided
with Robert Bruce and forfeited his English claims. He led the Gordon
clan at the Battle of Bannockburn, Bruce’s greatest
victory and one of the only decisive victories that the Scots had.
Due to a lack of manpower and resources, Bruce generally avoided
any set-piece battles with the English, preferring more of a guerilla-style
warfare with raids into northern England and on the English-held
castles in Scotland. At Bannockburn on June 23, 1314, near Stirling
Castle on the Firth of Forth, Bruce’s army of a few knights
and many Highlander clans met the might of Edward II’s army.
Bruce had the advantage of favorable terrain, and after a fierce
battle was able to rout the English and obtain the victory. This
led to his recognition as the true King of Scotland. For his assistance,
Adam (knighted as "Sir Adam Gordon") was awarded the lands
of Strathbogie in Aberdeenshire that became the permanent home of
the Gordon clan. If nothing else, this region was far removed from
the English border. The estate was later renamed "Huntly"
and the chief of the Gordons received the title "Earl of Huntly."
Another significant event occurred on April 6, 1320 when the Scottish
nobility affixed their seals to a paper called the Declaration of
Arbroath. This declared their rights to freedom from English rule,
and in some ways resembles the sentiments expressed in our Declaration
of Independence. Here is one of the final paragraphs from this document:
At length it pleased God who alone can heal after
wounds to restore us to liberty from those innumerable calamities
by our most serene prince, King and Lord, Robert who for the delivering
of his people and his own rightful inheritance from the enemies’
hands did like another Joshua or Judas Maccabaeus, most cheerfully
undergo all manner of toil, fatigue, hardship and hazard. The
Divine providence, the right of succession by the laws and customs
of the Kingdom (which we will defend till death) and the due and
lawful consent and assent of all the people made him our King
and prince. To him we are obliged and resolved to adhere in all
things, both upon his right and his own merit, as being the person
who has restored the people’s safety, in defense of their
liberties. But, after all, if this prince shall leave these principles
he has so nobly pursued and consent that we of our Kingdom be
subjected to the King or people of England, we will immediately
endeavor to expel him as our enemy and as the subverter both of
his own and our rights and will make another King who will defend
our liberties: for so long as there shall be but one hundred of
us remain alive we will never give consent to subject ourselves
to the dominion of the English. For it is not glory, it is not
riches, neither is it honor, but it is freedom alone that we fight
for, which no honest man will lose but with his life.
Not only did Adam sign this document, but he along with Sir Edward
Maubisson was handed a copy to deliver to the Pope himself in Avignon,
France (this was the period of time when the Papacy was not located
in Rome). This is an important document in Scotland’s history
in which our oldest Gordon ancestor played a significant part.
After the death of Robert Bruce in 1329 there was again some dispute
over the successor since Bruce’s oldest son, David (King David
II) was only 5 years old. The fighting against England also continued,
but without the earlier success as at Bannockburn. On July 19, 1333,
Sir Adam Gordon was killed in the Battle of Halidon Hill,
where the English heavily defeated the Scots and retook the city
of Berwick.
Adam Alexander and John Gordon
Adam’s wife was named Marjorie, and it is believed that she
was a McDuff. One of their sons (no other children are known) was
Adam Alexander Gordon.
Not much is known about him other than that he was born in 1285
and died in 1351. He married Margaret Fraser of the nearby Fraser
clan.
This Adam’s only known child was John
Gordon, born about 1315 in Aberdeenshire. John grew up in
those turbulent times, and like his grandfather before him fought
for the continuing Scottish cause against the English. This consisted
in the 1300’s largely of raids into the northern English counties.
On July 22, 1388 he was captured and killed by the English in a
major battle near Otterburn in Northumberland while fighting on
the side of the powerful Douglas clan. He may have been killed in
retaliation for a raid that he had led on the city of Roxburg.
The Intermediate Generations
Not much is known about the succeeding several generations except
names and dates. This might be a good sign that they lived in more
peaceful times, but Scottish history was never really peaceful up
until the 18th century. Here are the generations from John de Gordon
to the next ancestor of historical interest:
- John de Gordon
(1315 – 1388) had a son named Adam by his first wife; Adam's
daughter Elizabeth married Alexander Seton and founded the Huntly
line of Gordons (Alexander assumed the Gordon name at this time).
John also had three sons by Elizabeth
Cruikshanks. Two of these established other branches of
the Gordon line. The one along our line was named John, but was
better known as "Jock o' Scurdargue." He and his brother,
Thomas "Tam o' Ruthven"
Gordon, are the ones through whom the Gordon name passed along
the male line of succession, even though they were considered
"illegitimate" as far as the rules of inheritance were
concerned.
- John "Jock o' Scurdargue"
Gordon lived from about 1350 – 1420. He established
an estate in Pitlurg, Aberdeenshire. The picture at the right
shows the ruins of the castle at Pitlurg as they look today. Jock
was married to Elizabeth
Maitland and had another son named John. There is an old
poem about Jock and his father
on this site.
- This next John Gordon
was born sometime before 1409. He married Elizabeth
Abernethy and had yet another son named John.
- The fourth John Gordon
was born about 1449 and died September 9, 1513 in the Battle
of Flodden near Branxton in Northumberland, England. This
was a major battle between King James IV of Scotland and Henry
VIII of England. In the end, many of Scotland’s nobles --
including the king -- were killed in the defeat along with 10,000
other Scots (King James was killed when he was standing too close
to a cannon that exploded). John was married to Barbara
Margaret Forbes and had a son named Robert.
- This first Robert Gordon
was born about 1479 and died in 1544. His wife was Jean
Stewart and they had a son again named John. Jean Stewart’s
family gives us a tie-in to some other interesting ancestors that
are discussed later in this chapter.
- The fifth John Gordon
was born about 1517 and died September 11, 1547 in the Battle
of Pinkie Cleugh at Musselburg, Midlothian, Scotland. George
Gordon, Earl of Huntly, was one of the major commanders in this
battle, leading the left wing of the Scottish army. This was the
last major defeat suffered by the Scots in their wars with England,
and John was the last of our line to die doing battle with the
English. John’s wife was Janet
Ogilvie and they named a son John also.
| The Battle of Pinkie Cleugh, 1547 |
- The last John Gordon
in this list was born in September, 1547 -- almost at the time
that his father was killed -- and died March 22, 1622. His wife
was Isabel Forbes
and one of their children was named Robert. This brings us into
a more modern era and an ancestor of somewhat more reknown.
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